How do climate modes (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation) influence coastal productivity and sediment dynamics?

• A. ENSO has no effect
• B. ENSO alters wind patterns and rainfall, shifting upwelling intensity and nutrient delivery; changes in storm frequency and sea-level affect sediment transport and erosion, thus productivity and habitat conditions.
• C. ENSO only affects inland climates
• D. ENSO reduces ocean temperatures globally without affecting productivity.

Answer: (B)